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[Music]

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[Applause]

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good afternoon everyone and thanks again

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for staying all the time to Friday

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afternoon so what I'm gonna talk this

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afternoon is about applying brine

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stability models to the existence and of

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special regions on mass so and I'm very

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happy that Herrmann did such a great

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introduction about brand stability and

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modeling and phase diagrams therefore I

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don't have to do it so very quickly a

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little bit of background about special

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regions which we are defined in that

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report and paper on astrobiology as

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regions where potential forward

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contamination could happen in the case

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we would have a crash of wrong landing

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on improperly decontaminated spacecraft

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so it was defined by basically the

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intercept which corresponded to three

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research groups between the chemistry

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and thermodynamics about liquid

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stability information on the surface of

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mass the biology side with the

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temperature and relative humidity /

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water activity requirements for life as

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we know it and potential so that was

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more the biologists and some of you

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might be in the room today and the

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geomorphology is then people doing

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mapping about the potential sources of

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what at the surface of mass so in that

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talk because we've probably already

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heard a lot about that one also it seems

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to me that still a lot of uncertainty

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there I'm gonna focus mostly on that

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side so for example and of course we can

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easily imagine it was very hard to

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compile all those results into a single

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map so that's also I'm focusing on that

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on that side because not being really

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well explored so far and let's okay so

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here is an example of one of those maps

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one's about depth of potential water ice

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at the surface of mass and how it would

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be eventually accessible so you would go

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from very shallow or subset of

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subsurface ice in the polar latitude to

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disconnected shallow ice within a few

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meters deep to almost no ice closer to

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the equator so that's just an example of

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the type of maps that was produced in

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that in that report try to understand

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where we should or should not land and

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be very careful about ok so we've

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already seen that one but it's a quick

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reminder so we have a few very few

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evidences of liquid water unmask and I'm

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not gonna go in detail but you have

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those droplets and the Phoenix lander

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stirred and the famous now ourselves

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also there's been a lot of discussion in

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recent years if they are actually

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related to liquid or not and there is a

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very for those of you might not be aware

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I have to mention it there is a

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significant literature now about the

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fact that could be entirely dry froze so

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it's very important to keep that in mind

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so here is what was ended up being

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defined as special region from the that

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I'm gonna focus on so a special region

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was defined as any temperature above 255

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Kelvin and water activity above point

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six and to be put some margin on it

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there was an extension to the uncertain

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regions which was temperature above 250

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and activity of water above 0.5 and that

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was based on the literature about

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extremophiles showing for example cell

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division at 258 may double metabolism

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down to 240 cell growth point 75 in a

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salt environment because I'm aware of

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the cell growth in that point six

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sucrose solution so the day we find a

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sucrose lake on math I wanna see that so

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anyway there is a large

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summary a very extensive summary of all

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that ETA ritual again in that people

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I'm not gonna go deeper but we took

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those boundaries in that study so then

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we try to understand what's the

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stability of liquid brines

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and mass so in our previous work we

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focused on what we do stabilize bright

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so there are three processes evaporation

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boiling and freezing so we took like two

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extreme cases the surface so and which

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is characterized by a potential maximum

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so that's the temperature profile in the

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subsurface and at the surface you can

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reach maximum temperature so you can

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pretty much melt anywhere at the surface

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with two major of caveats number one

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you're going to significantly boil in

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the equatorial regions and evaporate

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pretty much everywhere else

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okay and with pretty fast evaporation

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rates in the order of several

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millimeters per year so considering that

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mass characterizing precipitable microns

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that would go away very quickly and in

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the subsurface where you have average

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temperature now you have two limits the

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northern the high latitudes would be

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permanently frozen and you could only

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melt in the more equatorial regions okay

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but that earlier model didn't take into

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account the amount of water vapor in the

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atmosphere and we know that from water

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vapor we can generate the liquid sense

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we can have water liquid brine sorry

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potentially stable at the surface so we

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used global circulation model that is

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summarized here and I'm not going to go

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too much in detail about that you can

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ask my quota for that but we try to

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simulate the temperature and reach

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humidity at the surface and characterize

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any time the temperature would be above

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the eutectic and relative humidity would

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be above the deliquescent relative

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humidity

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he had the same eutectic at the same

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time so here is what I show on that map

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so anywhere it's colored you pretty much

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Candida quiz okay and that's for calcium

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perchlorate we took the most extreme

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salt the one that everybody seems to

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like for good reason

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so anywhere it's Colorado you can delete

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quest must leave at very high latitude

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and that shows you the percent of the

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year at which liquid is stable so you

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can see that it never goes above three

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three and a half percent of the year

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which is extremely small so we are gonna

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it's gonna correspond to some hours in

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some favorable days at the right season

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so and it's almost never really

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continuous amounts of time it's very

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intermittent but you can you can request

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so one of the major reason for that

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behavior is what a man showed is that

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anti-correlation between creative

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humidity and temperature when it's warm

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it's very dry and when it's you need

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it's extremely cold so it's you have to

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have the few points where you have the

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right balance to be able to dedicate but

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it's possible now so here is a

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temperature of a swiss water activity

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ice line summarizing all the salt and i

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showed you here the boundaries we found

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because we mapped that from multiple

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salts and basically anything below

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calcium chloride so calcium cod would be

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to 20 Kelvin point six relative humidity

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or water activity below that you can

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potentially daily quest unmask anything

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above will not the request so now that

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we have those parameters we try to look

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a bit more in terms of habitability so

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yeah I'm sorry for it so my most

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complicated side so that one shows when

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we have in those daily questing regions

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but can be the maximum water activity

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and you can see that we can get water

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activities up to one sounds good but the

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temperatures are extremely cold okay

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they are around 200 Kelvin and the other

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side we did the exact opposite we looked

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at what the maximum solution temperature

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and you can see that it stays fairly

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cold around 210 maybe up to 215 Kelvin

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and in the meantime the maximum water

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activity at those temperature is going

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to be around 0.4 0.7 so it's gonna

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remain also really small so that allows

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us to bracket the habitability

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conditions to speech the potential

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special regions in those any the

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requesting areas and basically that's

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what we get when we try to plot those

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and sustain condition nothing so that's

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just I know it sounded obvious from the

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previous slide but that's just to

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confirm it visually you can never get

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the uncertain regions and let alone

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special regions so now I have to mention

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that there are a couple of small

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cavities to to mention number one you

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can admit a stable liquid and that was

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like that very good talk from Andrew

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this morning showing the potential for

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metastable and super cooled liquid okay

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I'm almost done

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that's serious scary anyway so you can

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have like metastable liquid at much

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lower temperature especially when you go

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down in the realm of perchlorates you

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can very easy another of sourcing with

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those eutectics you can easily supercool

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them but you still end up with the same

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issue you never gonna get to the high

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temperature high relative humidity you

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need an a van you can also use complex

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brine so here is a binary mixture

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showing a lower relative humidity than

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for each individual salt and with that

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complex multiple salt you can even go to

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lower temperature

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below well below 200 Kelvin but again so

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that will extend the stability field of

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liquid bronze at the surface of mass at

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lower latitude but they will never cross

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the special regions requirements so here

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and the final one that I have to mention

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is that we use the global circulation

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models we cannot totally rule out

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potential very localized effects but

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that would be have to be modeled on a

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case by case space case by case and the

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two honey sauce in situ sauce we have a

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Phoenix and MSL and the steam show the

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same wizard

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one at the pole one at the equator we

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get the same result we cross the study

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Bay maybe the stability field of calcium

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perchlorate but we never cross the

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special regions so the my final

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conclusions that they request is

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perfectly possible unmask and only for

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the lowest eutectic salts like at least

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calcium chloride mostly calcium

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perchlorate and that special and

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uncertain regions probably do not exist

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and that contaminates forward

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contamination at least of mass should be

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extremely limited and that mass is

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particularly efficient that self called

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decontaminating thank you we have time

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Carole Stoker from NASA Ames your

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conclusion really is only relevant for

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modern conditions yes the temperatures

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in the northern plains and the ground

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ice in the northern plains is very

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different at high obliquity and even

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somewhat different at the opposite phase

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of perihelion mm-hmm so have you

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considered that not yet but yeah that's

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something we wanna medela

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high ubiquity in particular because it

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would generate much higher partial

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pressure of water in the atmosphere and

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a for higher relative humidity and a

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different temperature field at the

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surface that so data that would be very

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Herman Martinez University of Michigan

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how how did you model the relative

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humidity at the surface like using

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orbital measurements of the precipitable

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water content or how land and then if

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there was an odd sort of regolith in so

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could you give some details of the

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modeling to calculate relative humidity

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on the entire map if I remember well the

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global circulation model Odyssey is

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partial pressure of water a mixing ratio

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that is being converted then in reiative

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humidity using the temperature at the

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surface and I'm guessing my question is

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like I don't know it makes any

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difference whether the global model

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considers you know like an interactive

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regolith you know if it considers

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absorption desorption or if it's just

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like orbital measurements of the Colin

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abundance of water which which I'm

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guessing definitely like the GCM will

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will need that and then it is to built

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it or do you do you know there's an

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interactive regolith or if that do not

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any different now we don't consider yet

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an interactive Regulus because we

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haven't done subsurface water vapor I

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mean billowed we just considered the top

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not surface of the regolith so in that

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case that's option is not particularly

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significant it's just if you have like

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grains of perchlorate at the surface

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if you go deeper in the subsurface yes

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you have to take into account adsorption

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thank you very much hey Alex I like both

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NASA for it so I'm kind of new to the

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stability diagrams of perchlorate you

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know I'm still learning you know so just

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a simple question right you know so

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let's take location Phoenix location

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right you have show subsurface ice there

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at listen you know I see permafrost

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right you know some three to five

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centimeters

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even in some locations mm-hmm right

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during Northern Hemisphere summer you

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know during specific month you know

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during very specific days temperature

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certainly raises about 250

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that's locations so you according to you

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does that mean during those hours you

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know during the second month of July

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whatever that you know the highest

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temperature where it is the water

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activity is going to be always below

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point six is that I mean there is gonna

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be some cases I mean if but let's be

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group how do you like and if so why that

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one you mean I'm not I don't know which

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one is subsurface it's all surface or no

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that's at the surface so if you have

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like three five centimeters you have to

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adjust those maps yes okay yeah because

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we have to integrate the evolution of

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temperature in the subsurface right but

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then you're gonna have a dampen of the

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maximum temperature right so the you

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have to realize that's three you can

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have plenty of cases where you're gonna

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go way above in temperature but that

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usually going humidity is going to drop

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down and if you go into subsurface your

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maximum available temperature is going

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to be lower

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yeah it just seems to me like you know

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you have like this compact icy

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subsurface and then you have loose on

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soil you know there are some you know

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storm comes in you expect you you all of

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a sudden exposing that icy permafrost I

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have troubles visualizing that you're

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not going to have Brian Branson there if

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you have perchlorate and if you have icy

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surface

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so that that's as I said you can always

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have very localized effect if I maybe

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when I think we should save this for

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discussion later and we need to go to